Italian energy company Snam has set itself a 2040 net-zero ‘carbon’ target from Scope 1 and 2 emissions, with intermediate reductions targets for 2025 and 2030. Though the language is slightly confused, it appears that the target is in fact carbon-equivalent emissions, meaning that the target is really for greenhouse gases more widely. By 2025, the company aims to have reduced natural gas emissions by 50% compared to 2015 amounts, while by 2030 it intends to have reduced Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions by 50%. (Scope 1 emissions are from direct activities, while Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from purchased energy. Other indirect emissions, such as those embodied in other goods purchased, form Scope 3, and Scope 1 emissions of one entity are therefore Scope 2 and 3 emissions from other entities.) Snam has also said that it intends to adopt “an ever-increasing awareness and involvement of the value chain” so as to gradually decrease Scope 3 emissions. Snam’s latest four-year investment plan includes €720 million (US$869 million) in its energy transition away from fossil fuels towards fuels such as green hydrogen and biomethane. Although green hydrogen is currently more expensive than fossil fuels, Snam chief executive Marco Alverà says that it is “the cheapest way to bring renewable energy to Europe in a net zero emissions world”.